"Joshua 5 Wave Sheaf Offering
Yes or No

For most believers, determining the day to observe the various Biblical festivals is something they do not concern themselves with - they simply follow the church’s or fellowship’s calendar.  But for those who like to determine those things for themselves, there are questions that sometimes come up. If you are one who follows the traditional Jewish calendar, but believes that Shavuot (Pentecost) always falls on Sunday, the question this year (2021) is which Sunday is Shavuot.  Is it Sunday, May 16 or Sunday, May 23?  Since Shavuot is based on the timing of the Wave Sheaf Offering, the answer, of course, will be based on determining the timing of that very important offering.

Because I have already written an article addressing why the Wave Sheaf was offered on Sunday1, I will not address that in this article, but will instead focus on showing how to determine the timing of the Wave Sheaf Offering when the Feast of Unleavened Bread (hag haMatza) begins on Sunday (Saturday evening Passover).  This, of course, requires us to take an unbiased look at Joshua 5, which some claim gives guidance on the Wave Sheaf.

Before getting into the details, it is important to understand that the key to understanding scripture, and therefore to understand the timing of the “moed” (appointed time) is to believe with your whole heart that:

1. God’s word is truth – The basis of truth is the word of God, and the fundamentals of God’s truth are found in the Torah, the words spoken by God directly to Moses.  The following scriptures substantiate that point:

   ^NKJ Deuteronomy 31:9 So Moses wrote this law (torah) and delivered it to the priests, the sons of Levi, who bore the ark of the covenant of the LORD, and to all the elders of Israel

   ^NKJ Psalm 119:142 Your righteousness is an everlasting righteousness, And Your law (torah) is truth.

   ^NKJ John 17:17 "Sanctify them by Your truth. Your word is truth.

   Because God’s word spoken to Moses is so valuable, the prophets, as well as Jesus and His disciples, continually referred to “Moses” when trying to make a point.  Therefore TRUTH is established in the Torah.

2. Moses wrote all that God spoke to him and made it into a book –

   ^NKJ Deuteronomy 31:24 So it was, when Moses had completed writing the words of this law in a book, when they were finished,

   This verse in itself proves that there is no “oral law” – laws presumably given by God to Moses that were not written down.  Rabbinic Judaism will oftentimes use “oral law” to explain why they deviate for the written law of Moses.

3. No one may add to or take away from God’s word, the Torah. God’s TRUTH is complete.  No one – not Paul, not Peter, not even Jesus can add to or take away from God’s TRUTH – the Torah.

^NKJ Deuteronomy 4:2 "You shall not add to the word which I command you, nor take from it, that you may keep the commandments of the LORD your God which I command you.

^NKJ Deuteronomy 12:32 "Whatever I command you, be careful to observe it; you shall not add to it nor take away from it.

^NKJ Matthew 5:18 "For assuredly, I say to you, till heaven and earth pass away, one jot or one tittle will by no means pass from the law till all is fulfilled.

4. We are to follow God’s Torah explicitly – not deviating to the right or to the left – whenever conditions or circumstances permit.

^NKJ Deuteronomy 28:14 "So you shall not turn aside from any of the words which I command you this day, to the right or the left, to go after other gods to serve them.

5. God does not change, and therefore TRUTH does not change –

^NKJ Malachi 3:6 "For I am the LORD, I do not change; Therefore you are not consumed, O sons of Jacob.

With these five points engraved in our minds, the Bible becomes much more clear.  The Torah – God’s word spoken to Moses and written in the Book is the TRUTH and the FOUNDATION from which everything else in the Bible revolves.  We should never attempt to make the Torah fit other parts of the Bible. Instead, we simply see how the other parts fit into the Torah. So if the Torah shows us how to do something, but later we find in the gospels or in Paul something that appears to show us an alternate way of doing it, we must always follow the Torah.

This principle is the basis for understanding not only the wave sheaf, but also the other festivals including Passover.  We simply accept the TRUTH that the timing is established in the Torah, not in Joshua, and not in the gospels.

So how should we determine when to offer the wave sheaf?  We should first go to the Torah and see what it says.  So let’s do that.

In the Torah, the first thing we find is that the context indicates that the offering was made in the first month of the year –

^NKJ Leviticus 23:5 'On the fourteenth day of the first month at twilight is the LORD's Passover.

We also see that the name of that month is “Aviv” –

^NKJ Deuteronomy 16:1 "Observe the month of Abib, and keep the Passover to the LORD your God, for in the month of Abib the LORD your God brought you out of Egypt by night.

The Hebrew word “aviv’ ( אָבִיב – 24) means “fresh”  and “green ears”. So the month began when the ears of barley were fully exposed but still green.

Next we find the instructions concerning the Passover season and the Festival of Unleavened Bread. This festival starts on the 15^th day of the month – fifteen days since the barley ears were green.  At this point in a normal year, the barley would have turned golden brown and would now be ready to be harvested, but God said to wait until the grain is deemed “acceptable”, then you can begin the harvest.

^NKJ Leviticus 23:10-11    "Speak to the children of Israel, and say to them: 'When you come into the land which I give to you, and reap its harvest, then you shall bring a sheaf of the firstfruits of your harvest to the priest.  ¹¹ 'He shall wave the sheaf before the LORD, to be accepted on your behalf; on the day after the Sabbath the priest shall wave it.

Though it is not relevant to our purpose, it is interesting to note that the Hebrew word for “sheaf” is “omer” (עֹמֶר – 6016).  An “omer” is a measure of volume equal to about 2 quarts.  So when the priest “waves the sheaf”, he is not waving stalks of grain; he is instead waving back and forth  over his head a bowl containing about two quarts of finely sifted flour.

What is relevant to our purpose is that this entire process shows that the “omer” – or more importantly – what the omer represents - should be acceptable to God. We’ll discuss that some more later on in this article.

So what Sabbath is being spoken of here? In an earlier article I show that 'the Sabbath' is the determining factor. It is 'the Sabbath' that determines when the Wave Sheaf will take place. Yet some teach that it is more important that the Wave Sheaf Offering falls within the Feast of Unleavened Bread. To help see why that is not the case, we can look at the 'sanctity' of Sabbath as compared to the Wave Sheaf.

After Yom Kippur, the weekly Sabbath is the most sanctified day of God's calendar, which is followed by the yearly festivals. How do we know? We know by the work/food/cooking restrictions. On Yom Kippur no food may be eaten nor any work be done. On the weekly Sabbath, food can be eaten, but it may not be prepared (cooked) and no work may be done. On the yearly festivals, food can be both prepared and eaten, but no 'servile' work may be done.

So where does the Wave Sheaf Offering fit in? It is not a festival (though some say it is), and it's not a sabbath, therefore any type of work can be done on it, and there are no food or food preparation restrictions.

Thus, in comparison to the weekly Sabbath, the Wave Sheaf is of much less sanctity. Therefore, when YHVH puts the Sabbath and the Wave Sheaf in the same context, the Sabbath carries much more weight and subsequently takes precedence.

Nevertheless, some teach that on years when the Feast of Unleavened Bread starts on Sunday (and the weekly Sabbath is before the beginning of the Feast of Unleavened Bread), we should observe the Wave Sheaf Offering on the 1st Day of Unleavened Bread even though there is a weekly Sabbath on the Last day of the festival.

Why do they do so? Because they claim that Joshua gave us an example that shows we should do it that way.

In the charts below, you see that in most years, both the Sabbath and the Wave Sheaf Offering will fall within the Festival.

(to see the image better, narrow your view window to 1 column)

But on years where Aviv 15 (the first day of the festival) falls on Sunday, the only “weekly” Sabbath during the festival falls on the 7th day of the festival.  In that case, the Wave Sheaf Offering would fall outside (just after) the Festival of Unleavened Bread.

Is there a problem with the Wave Sheaf Offering being after the Festival of Unleavened Bread?  Apparently not since God – who certainly knew that this would occasionally happen – provided no remedy in the Torah for that situation.  It is interesting to note that He did provide a Torah remedy when asked about a person who could not sacrifice the Passover lamb because he was unclean (Numbers 9). He also provided a Torah remedy when Zelophehad’s daughters questioned Moses in regards to their father’s inheritance (Numbers 27).  But the Wave Sheaf falling outside the Festival of Unleavened Bread was apparently not a problem since we see nothing in the Torah to remedy it.

Therefore, in this one passage (Lev. 23:10-11), we have ALL of God’s instructions pertaining to the timing of the Wave Sheaf Offering.  There are no additional instructions found in the Torah and - not that it makes any difference - there are no additional instructions anywhere else in the scriptures.  Since these are the only instructions provided in the Torah, the matter is settled – God has said it, and now it is TRUTH.

So what about Joshua 5?  Since Joshua had just led the Hebrew people into the Promised Land, did he not instruct the priests to perform the Wave Sheaf Offering before allowing the people to harvest the grain? Many believe that he did, and because of the timing indicated in the passage – they believe Joshua’s “example” provides an alternate way to time the festival. Here’s the pertinent text -

^NKJ Joshua 5:10-12  Now the children of Israel camped in Gilgal, and kept the Passover on the fourteenth day of the month at twilight on the plains of Jericho.  ¹¹ And they ate of the produce of the land on the day after the Passover, unleavened bread and parched grain, on the very same day. ¹² Then the manna ceased on the day after they had eaten the produce of the land; and the children of Israel no longer had manna, but they ate the food of the land of Canaan that year.

The theory is that the Hebrews “kept” (i.e. – “killed” 3) the Passover on the Sabbath and the next day (Sunday morning – Aviv 15 - the First Day of Unleavened Bread) performed the service of the wave sheaf, therefore allowing them to harvest enough grain to have something to eat.

In this scenario, the priests performed the service of the wave sheaf on the day after a Sabbath, but not on the day after the Sabbath.  In other words, the Sabbath from which the offering was to follow was not during the Feast of Unleavened Bread. 

So what gives?  Did Joshua have the priests perform the wave sheaf that year? The most clear and simple answer is that he did not! Though Joshua and the Hebrew people did kill and eat the Passover that year in accordance to the Torah, they did not offer the wave sheaf. How do we know? There are a number of ways. 

They Were Already Eating Grain – You may recall that before entering the land, Joshua instructed the people to prepare food for the journey –

^NKJ Josh. 1:10-11 - Then Joshua commanded the officers of the people, saying, ¹¹ "Pass through the camp and command the people, saying, ‘Prepare provisions (tseydah - צֵידָה - 6720 - food) for yourselves, for within three days you will cross over this Jordan, to go in to possess the land which the LORD your God is giving you to possess.'"

How much they brought with them cannot be determined, but because they did not know what to expect when they got there, I’m sure they brought all they could carry, some of which certainly included grain or flour for bread.   

Grain for the Unleavened Bread of Passover - When giving the Passover instructions, YHVH was very explicit - especially in regards to when the lamb should be killed, when and how it should be eaten, and what to eat with the lamb.  One of the items that was required with the meal was unleavened bread.  The requirement to eat unleavened bread, along with the fact that they ate it, shows that the Hebrews had access to grain or flouir from which to make the unleavened bread, and they had it  before a wave sheaf offering could have taken place.  The source of that grain could have been what they carried from Moab, as well as the stored grain from the Canaanites homes that were abandoned as the Hebrews approached.

Grain from a Previous Harvest – Joshua 5:11 states that the Hebrews ate of the ‘produce’ (NKJ) of the land after they ate the Passover.  Like I mentioned earlier, it is clear that they had access to grain before the Passover, but what about after Passover. 

The Hebrew word for ‘produce’ is ‘abuwr’ ( עֲבוּר – 5669).  That word is only used twice in the Tnakh – both times in Joshua 5:11-12.  In most translations, the word is translated either as ‘old corn’ or ‘produce’.  Because this is the only place the word is used, it is hard to determine - based on the context - what it actually means.  Therefore, we have to resort to the next best way to find the meaning and that is by looking at the root word, which in this case is the word ‘abar’ (עָבַר - 5674). 'Abar' has a number of meanings including ‘pass over’ (as in 'passing over something to move on to something better'), ‘to be arrogant’, ‘to incite’, ‘be furious’, and other words with negative connotations.  Such is the same for the word ‘parched’ later in the verse. 

Because they ate grain that others would ‘pass over’ or that the Hebrews would consider to be ‘arrogant’, we can conclude that the grain was not of good quality or that it had been in storage for some time.  This would have been the case since the new, good, ‘fresh’ grain was still in the field. 

Was a Wave Sheaf Offering Even Possible?

Though the Wave Sheaf Offering is never mentioned in the Joshua 5 account, many assume that one took place based on the text of Leviticus 23.  But was a wave sheaf offering even possible at that time?

Joshua 4:19 indicates that the Israelites crossed the Jordan on the 10^th day of the first month.  This is the day the Hebrews had been commanded to take a lamb for the Passover (Ex. 12:3).  Therefore, they had to cross the Jordan that day, set up camp, and then separate a lamb from the flock to use for the sacrifice.  They also circumcised themselves that day.  Therefore, it appears that Joshua and the Hebrews were trying to be very precise in their observance of Passover – trying to avoid the errors of their fathers. 

Though they had all they needed in order to keep the Passover, they did not have all they needed to perform the Wave Sheaf Offering. To understand where I’m going, let’s look a little deeper into the offering.

Like I mentioned earlier, the Wave Sheaf Offering is really an offering of very finely ground barley that is waved back and forth by the priest along with a prescribed drink offering.  Continuing in the text concerning the wave sheaf, Leviticus 23 says –

^NKJ Leviticus 23:12-13   'And you shall offer on that day, when you wave the sheaf, a male lamb of the first year, without blemish, as a burnt offering to the LORD.  ¹³ 'Its grain offering shall be two-tenths of an ephah of fine flour mixed with oil, an offering made by fire to the LORD, for a sweet aroma; and its drink offering shall be of wine, one-fourth of a hin.

From this passage we see that the wave “omer” offering (as the Hebrew indicates) is a special offering, but it shares many of the attributes of some of the other offerings.  Along with the waving of the finely ground flour, there is a burnt offering that has its own grain offering. All these together make the “Wave Sheaf Offering”, and without any of the parts, you cannot offer the offering.  For instance, without the one year old unblemished male lamb, you cannot offer the offering.

So there is a problem.  In the Joshua 5 account, the Hebrews had only been in the land five days before they began to eat from the fields of Jericho.  They had obviously not arrived early enough to plant their own crops in the land, so they were getting ready to eat from the pagan Canaanites produce – which in itself is not a problem.  The problem comes with finding the grain from which to do the offering.  The Torah says that the grain must come from “your harvest” which implies that the field must be planted by the Hebrews. Let’s read it again –

^NKJ Leviticus 23:10-11    "Speak to the children of Israel, and say to them: 'When you come into the land which I give to you, and reap its harvest, then you shall bring a sheaf of the firstfruits of your harvest to the priest.  ¹¹ 'He shall wave the sheaf before the LORD, to be accepted on your behalf; on the day after the Sabbath the priest shall wave it.

Why is it important that the grain be planted by Hebrews?  It's important because the grain of the offering represents the people whom God was going to “accept” – the grain represents the Hebrew people.  In an article entitled “the Role of the Firstfruits” 4 I explain that the “omer” that was waived by the priest was filled with grain that had been beaten fine and repeatedly sifted to the point that it was finally acceptable to God.  Canaanite grain could never represent the Hebrew people. The Hebrews had no part in sowing it, tending to it, cultivating it, etc. Thus it could never be considered 'Hebrew' grain.

The grain for the Wave Sheaf Offering would have to be grain that both God and the Hebrews worked together to produce.  God would provide the land 5, the sun, and the water, and the Hebrews would provide the seed and the manpower.  Together, they would produce godly fruit – acceptable to YHVH. In a nutshell, the Wave Sheaf Offering was symbolic of the Hebrew people doing the job for which they had been called - bringing forth fruit.

The importance of having grain that is raised by the Hebrews in the Promised Land is illustrated in this often overlooked instruction and blessing.  It goes like this –

^NKJ Deuteronomy 26:5-10   “… 'My father was a Syrian, about to perish, and he went down to Egypt and dwelt there, few in number; and there he became a nation, great, mighty, and populous.  ⁶ 'But the Egyptians mistreated us, afflicted us, and laid hard bondage on us.  ⁷ 'Then we cried out to the LORD God of our fathers, and the LORD heard our voice and looked on our affliction and our labor and our oppression.  ⁸ 'So the LORD brought us out of Egypt with a mighty hand and with an outstretched arm, with great terror and with signs and wonders.  ⁹ 'He has brought us to this place and has given us this land, "a land flowing with milk and honey";  ¹⁰ 'and now, behold, I have brought the firstfruits of the land which you, O LORD, have given me.'…”

This blessing of thanks was to accompany an individual’s firstfruits offering year by year.  The instructions were given by Moses just weeks before the Hebrews crossed the Jordan, and it is very specific –

^NKJ Deuteronomy 26:1 "And it shall be, when you come into the land which the LORD your God is giving you as an inheritance, and you possess it and dwell in it,  ² "that you shall take some of the first of all the produce of the ground, which you shall bring from your land that the LORD your God is giving you, and put it in a basket and go to the place where the LORD your God chooses to make His name abide.  ³ "And you shall go to the one who is priest in those days, and say to him, 'I declare today to the LORD your God that I have come to the country which the LORD swore to our fathers to give us.'

Notice that the person was to bring a token of the blessings God had bestowed upon them after they had come into the Promised Land, taken possession of the land, and were able to raise their own crops on that land.  Crops taken from the Canaanites would not do.

When one really understands the Wave Sheaf Offering, he sees God’s plan for the salvation of His people - those who will play a huge role in bringing salvation to all who will follow Him.  What’s more, he will see that – just as there is no Wave Sheaf Offering without a one year old unblemished male lamb - God’s people could not do their work without first recognizing and accepting the blood of that lamb.

Joshua leading the Hebrew people into the Promised Land at Jericho was a turning point in the history of God’s people.  In so doing, God fulfilled the promise He made to them just over 40 years earlier – to take them as His people and bring them into the land He had promised Abraham6.  Therefore, the manna stopped because the people could now begin to raise their own crops.  But coming into the land was just the start - there was still much to do, and as they made progress year by year, that progress was commemorated by the Wave Sheaf Offering.

So did the Hebrews offer the Wave Sheaf in Joshua 5, and by doing so show us an alternative timing for it?  No, they did not.  To do so would violate the Torah’s prohibition on harvesting on an annual Sabbath, would have violated the Torah by adding to it, and would have violated the purpose of the wave sheaf by using unacceptable grain..

So how do you count Pentecost when Aviv 15 falls on a Sunday?  You simply follow the Truth – the Torah.  You count 50 days from the day after the weekly Sabbath during the Days of Unleavened Bread. There is no need for an alternative method in order to keep the offering within the Feast of Unleavened Bread, and therefore God did not provide one.

Shalom Alecheim